Development of a Guide to Multidimensional Needs Assessment in the Palliative Care Initial Encounter (MAP).

CONTEXT: Ensuring patient-centered palliative care requires a comprehensive assessment of needs beginning in the initial encounter. However, there is no generally accepted guide for carrying out this multidimensional needs assessment as a first step in palliative intervention. OBJECTIVES: To develop an expert panel-endorsed interview guide that would enable proactive and systematic Multidimensional needs Assessment in the Palliative care initial encounter (MAP). METHODS: A preliminary version of the MAP guide was drafted based on a published literature review, published semistructured interviews with 20 patients, 20 family carers, and 20 palliative care professionals, and a nominal group process with palliative care professionals and a representative of the national patient's association. Consensus regarding its content was obtained through a modified Delphi process involving a panel of palliative care physicians from across Spain. RESULTS: The published systematic literature review and qualitative study resulted in the identification of 55 needs, which were sorted and grouped by the nominal group. Following the Delphi process, the list of needs was reduced to 47, linked to six domains: Clinical history and medical conditions (n = 8), Physical symptoms (n = 17), Functional and cognitive status (n = 4), Psycho-emotional symptoms (n = 5), Social issues (n = 8), and Spiritual and existential concerns (n = 5). CONCLUSION: MAP is an expert panel-endorsed semi-structured clinical interview guide for the comprehensive, systematic, and proactive initial assessment to efficiently assess multiple domains while adjusting to the needs of each patient. A future study will assess the feasibility of using the MAP guide within the timeframe of the palliative care initial encounter.

Procedural pain in patients with cancer: a Delphi expert management consensus.

OBJECTIVES: Diagnosis, treatment and care of cancer often involve procedures that may be distressing and potentially painful for patients. The PROCEDIO Study aimed to generate expert-based recommendations on the management of moderate to severe procedural pain in inpatients and outpatients with cancer. METHODS: Using a two-round Delphi method, experts from pain and palliative care units, medical and radiation oncology and haematology departments expressed their agreement on 24 statements using a 9-point Likert scale, which were classified as appropriate (median 7-9), uncertain (4-6) or inappropriate (1-3). Consensus was achieved if at least two-thirds of the panel scored within the range containing the median. RESULTS: With an overall agreement on the current definition of procedural pain, participants suggested a wider description based on evidence and their clinical experience. A strong consensus was achieved regarding the need for a comprehensive pre-procedural pain assessment and experts emphasised that healthcare professionals involved in procedural pain management should be adequately trained. Most panellists (98.2%) agreed that pharmacological treatment should be chosen considering the duration of the procedure. Transmucosal fentanyl (96.5%) and morphine (71.7%) were recommended as the most appropriate drugs. Oral and nasal transmucosal fentanyl were agreed as the most suitable for both outpatients and inpatients, while consensus was reached for intravenous and subcutaneous morphine for inpatients. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide updated expert-based recommendations on the definition, prevention and treatment of moderate to severe procedural pain, which could inform specialists involved in pain management of patients with cancer.

Control in patients with advanced cancer: an interpretative phenomenological study.

BACKGROUND: In the context of life-threatening illness, loss of control is argued as a source of suffering and loss of perceived dignity, whereas having control over the dying process has been seen as a way of maintaining personal independence. Little is known about the meaning of control from the patients' perspectives. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore how patients with advanced cancer understand control, in terms of underlying beliefs, attitudes, and expectations consistent with self-efficacy, in different dimensions of their life, their illness, and their healthcare. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews using an interpretive phenomenological analysis approach. Patients with advanced cancer from an oncology unit and a palliative care unit from Barcelona (Spain) were recruited. The inclusion criteria were a) ≥ 18 years old; b) fluency in Spanish or Catalan; c) outpatients diagnosed with advanced cancer; d) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) between 0 and 3; e) judged by their physician or nurse to be emotionally stable; f) considered to have control over their illness and circumstances according to their responsible physician; and g) signed informed consent. RESULTS: We interviewed eight participants (ages ranged from 29 to 70 years, six were female). Two themes were identified: 1) factors that influence the perception of control, with subthemes: uncertainty about future suffering, character traits underlying a need for control; sense of lack of care as a source of loss of control; and 2) perceiving control over an uncontrollable illness, explained by perceived control over subjective wellbeing and adjusting the focus of control. The data allowed us to identify strategies that promote a sense of control in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: The illness, according to the participants, was experienced as series of losses. However, attention was often focused on areas where they continued to have control. These findings selectively reflect experiences of those who see themselves able to effect outcomes in life, suggesting future research should address how both family members and healthcare professionals can help to empower all patients.

Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Management of Episodic Dyspnea in Advanced Lung Cancer Outpatients: A Multicenter Nationwide Study-The INSPIRA-DOS Study.

Background: Episodic dyspnea (ED) is a common problem in patients with advanced lung cancer (LC). However, the prevalence of ED and other related aspects in this patient population is not known. Objectives: To assess and describe the prevalence, clinical features, treatment, and risk factors for ED in outpatients with advanced LC. Design: Multicenter cross-sectional study. Subjects: Consecutive sample of adult outpatients with advanced LC. Measurements: We assessed background dyspnea (BD), the characteristics, triggers, and management of ED. Potential ED risk factors were assessed through multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 366 patients were surveyed. Overall, the prevalence of ED was 31.9% (90% in patients reporting BD). Patients reported a median of one episode per day (interquartile range [IQR]: 1-2), with a median intensity of 7/10 (IQR: 5-8.25). ED triggers were identified in 89.9% of patients. ED was significantly associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.011), pulmonary vascular disease (p = 0.003), cachexia (p = 0.002), and palliative care (p < 0.001). Continuous oxygen use was associated with higher risk of ED (odds ratio: 9.89; p < 0.001). Opioids were used by 44% patients with ED. Conclusions: ED is highly prevalent and severe in outpatients with advanced LC experiencing BD. The association between intrathoracic comorbidities and oxygen therapy points to alveolar oxygen exchange failure having a potential etiopathogenic role in ED in this population. Further studies are needed to better characterize ED in LC to better inform treatments and trial protocols.

Episodic breathlessness in patients with cancer: definition, terminology, clinical features - integrative systematic review.

PURPOSE: Breatlessness flares directly impair quality of life of patients with cancer. The aim of this review was to analyse and synthesise the available information related to its terminology, definition and clinical features in patients with cancer. METHODS: Integrative systematic review according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Literature search was conducted in MEDLINE PubMed, CINAHLPlus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register Controlled Trials CENTRAL, Scopus and OpenAire. RESULTS: Data from 1065 patients with cancer included in 12 studies were analysed. The preferred term for breathlessness flares was episodic dyspnoea (ED). The reported frequency of ED was 20.4% (70.9% in patients reporting background dyspnoea (BD)). ED intensity was moderate to severe with short duration (<10 min) in >80% of patients. The most common trigger was exertion (>90%) followed by emotional or environmental factors. ED management consisted mainly of pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review shows that ED is common in patients with cancer, especially in those with BD. Further studies are urgently needed to better understand this condition and to develop specific therapeutic management. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019126708.

What defines the comprehensive assessment of needs in palliative care? An integrative systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The comprehensive assessment of needs in palliative care identifies where patients most want attention to guide clinical decisions that tailor care provision from their first encounters. AIM: To define how and what needs are identified by the comprehensive assessment of needs in the original peer-reviewed articles in the field of palliative care. DESIGN: An integrative systematic review as outlined by Whittemore and Knafl. Quality appraisal performed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science databases searched through May 2019 and updated in July 2020. RESULTS: Forty-nine articles met inclusion criteria for original articles in English or Spanish reporting comprehensive assessment of needs of adult patients receiving palliative care. The majority (41/49) of studies were moderate to high quality. Two themes were identified: (1) How a comprehensive assessment of needs should be carried out in palliative care, which reflected a preference to develop structured tools for assessment; (2) What needs of patients should be assessed in the comprehensive assessment of needs in palliative care, which conveyed a trend to assess beyond core domains - physical, psychological, social, spiritual - with information and practical most prevalent, but with substantial variation in specifying and classifying needs into domains. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of needs in palliative care is comprehensive but lacks consensus on the needs and domains that should be assessed by the palliative care team. Future studies should better define what needs can be standardized into the assessment to improve process of care and patient satisfaction.

Delphi consensus on strategies in the management of opioid-induced constipation in cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is a frequent and bothersome adverse event related with opioid therapy in cancer patients. Despite the high prevalence, medical management of OIC is often uncertain. The current project aimed to investigate expert opinion on OIC management and provide practical recommendations to improve the clinical approach of OIC in cancer patient. METHODS: A modified Delphi method was conducted involving 46 different physicians experts in OIC. Using a structured questionnaire of 67 items this project intended to seek consensus on aspects related to diagnosis, treatment, and quality of life of cancer patients suffering with OIC. RESULTS: After two rounds, a consensus was reached in 91% of the items proposed, all in agreement. Agreement was obtained on OIC definition (95.7%). Objective and patient-reported outcomes included in that definition should be assessed routinely in clinical practice. Responsive to symptom changes and easy-to-use assessment tools were recommended (87.2%). Successful diagnosis of OIC requires increase clinicians awareness of OIC and proactivity to discuss symptoms with their patients (100%). Successful management of OIC requires individualization of the treatment (100%), regular revaluation once is established, and keeping it for the duration of opioid treatment (91.5%). Oral Peripherally Acting µ-Opioid Receptor Agonists (PAMORAs), were considered good alternatives for the treatment of OIC in cancer patients (97.9%). This drugs and laxatives can be co-prescribed if OIC coexist with functional constipation. CONCLUSIONS: The panelists, based on their expert clinical practice, presented a set of recommendations for the management of OIC in cancer patients.

COVID-19: reflexiones de urgencia desde los cuidados paliativos ante la próxima epidemia / COVID-19: quick reflections from palliative care before the next epidemic

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Screening for the Desire to Die in the First Palliative Care Encounter: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Context: There is a lack of consensus about the appropriate moment to assess a potential wish to hasten death (WTHD) in patients with life-threatening illness, despite evidence of its positive appraisal among patients. Objectives: To evaluate the practical potential and acceptability of questions about the WTHD in the first palliative care (PC) clinical encounter. Design: A proof-of-concept single-arm unmasked trial. Subjects: We enrolled 30 advanced cancer patients, 16 inpatients and 14 outpatients in their first PC clinical encounter. Measurements: We assessed the WTHD using a semistructured interview guide, the Assessment of the Frequency and Extent of the Desire to Die (AFEDD) embedded in a multidimensional needs assessment carried out during the first PC encounter. Information about practical potential [patients consider the assessment (a) important and (b) helpful] and acceptability [patients (a) understand and (b) are not bothered by the questions] was obtained. Results: Thirty-two patients were approached and 30 (94%) agreed to participate. The WTHD was present in two outpatients and eight inpatients. The question to assess WTHD were well understood by 94% of patients and was considered not bothersome by 87% and quite or very helpful by 80%, regardless of whether they had WTHD. Conclusions: The results support that clinicians can integrate screening for the WTHD in usual clinical practice within a multidimensional needs assessment. Patient acceptability suggests that this as a part of patient-centered care including in the first PC clinical encounter. Further studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety in larger and different populations.

Switching Ratio from Parenteral to Oral Methadone 1:1.2 Is Safer Compared with Ratio 1:2 in Patients with Controlled Cancer Pain: A Multicenter Randomized-Controlled Trial (RATIOMTD-010810).

Background: The most commonly used switching ratio from parenteral to oral methadone is 1:2. Methadone is highly bioavailable and a lower ratio might result in similar analgesia with less toxicity. Objective: To compare success and side effects with two ratios from parenteral to oral methadone: 1:2 versus 1:1.2 in hospitalized patients with cancer pain. Design: A multicenter double-blind randomized clinical trial. Settings/Particiants: Inpatients with well-controlled cancer pain with parenteral methadone requiring rotation to the oral route. Measurements: Outcomes included pain intensity (Brief Inventory Pain), opioid toxicity (Common Toxicology Criteria for Adverse Events), and methadone dose. Success was defined as no toxicity with good pain control at 72 hours. Results: Thirty-nine of forty-four randomized patients were evaluable: 21 in ratio 1:2 and 18 in ratio 1:1.2. Seventy-one percent male. Median age 65 years. No significant differences in basal clinical characteristics between both groups. Median methadone dose pre/post switching was 24.5 mg ±13.5 and 49 mg ±27.3 for ratio 1:2, versus 23.3 mg ±9.4 (p: not significant) and 28 mg ±11.3 (p < 0.01) for ratio 1:1.2. Pain was well controlled without differences between both ratios. Drowsiness at day +1 (p < 0.017) and myoclonus at day +3 (p < 0.019) were more prevalent in group 1:2. Success was observed in 12 patients in ratio 1:2 versus 18 in ratio 1:1.2 (p < 0.001). Methadone side effects were observed in 12 patients in ratio 1:2 (mainly neurotoxicity symptoms) versus 2 in ratio 1:1.2 (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Ratio 1:1.2 when changing from parenteral to oral methadone resulted in lower toxicity and no difference in analgesia. More conservative dose adjustment during methadone route change should be considered. European Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT No. 2010-024092-39).

Older Age: A Protective Factor Against Perceived Dignity-Related Distress in Patients With Advanced Cancer?

CONTEXT: Most older adults will face threats to loss of health and social support, which can affect their perceived dignity. Although problems with perceived dignity increase in the context of cancer, the specific experience for those older compared with younger patients with advanced cancer has not been described despite its contributions to the wish to hasten death (WTHD). OBJECTIVES: To understand the influence of age group to the perception of dignity, considering changes in quality of life and the WTHD in patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: The Patient Dignity Inventory was administered to 194 patients with advanced cancer. The data were analyzed by separating the sample into age groups younger than 65 years (N = 106) or 65 years and older (N = 88). Linear regression models were adjusted with the explanatory variables of WTHD, quality of life, as well as functional status, physical dependence, depression, anxiety, and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Older patients showed a 2.6% decrease in the total scores of perceived dignity-related distress compared to younger patients. CONCLUSION: Older age could be a protective factor against the perception of loss of dignity in patients with advanced cancer, a more positive perspective of the aging experience.

Uso inadecuado de opioides en pacientes con dolor oncológico: revisión sistemática integradora de la literatura / Opioid misuse in patients with cancer pain: an integrative systematic review of the literature

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los opioides son ampliamente utilizados para el control del dolor oncológico y no oncológico. Existe mucha información sobre el uso inadecuado de opioides (UIO) en pacientes no oncológicos, sin embargo en pacientes oncológicos existe menos evidencia. OBJETIVOS: Identificar, analizar y sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre la epidemiología, los factores de riesgo, instrumentos clínicos y evolución del UIO en pacientes con dolor oncológico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisión sistemática integradora de la literatura con extracción de datos y síntesis narrativa. Las fuentes utilizadas para buscar artículos publicados hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2017 fueron las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science y PsychINFO. Se eligieron aquellos artículos que siguieran los siguientes criterios de inclusión: 1) publicados en lengua inglesa, española o francesa, y 2) que incluyesen información sobre la prevalencia o incidencia del UIO en pacientes con dolor oncológico, o/y 3) que aportasen información sobre factores de riesgo, mortalidad, duración del UIO y su remisión. RESULTADOS: De la búsqueda surgieron 3520 artículos, de los cuales 40 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se identificaron cuatro áreas temáticas: 1) epidemiología, 2) factores de riesgo, 3) opinión de pacientes y profesionales, y 4) políticas específicas. Los resultados obtenidos fueron muy heterogéneos, identificándose una prevalencia que oscila entre el 0 y el 26 % en el UIO y entre el 12 y el 85 % en las conductas aberrantes relacionadas con opioides. Se identificaron diferentes factores de riesgo de UIO, destacando la edad joven y la presencia de antecedentes psiquiátricos o de abuso de sustancias, y se describieron diferentes instrumentos dirigidos a la evaluación del riesgo o bien al diagnóstico del UIO. En cuanto a la opinión de los profesionales, parece haber un incremento de la sensibilización al respecto, pero las políticas de los centros en relación con esta problemática suelen ser casi inexistentes. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de que existe una mayor sensibilización de los profesionales acerca del UIO en pacientes oncológicos, la información de que disponemos es muy heterogénea y no nos permite extraer conclusiones claras. Por esta razón será necesaria la realización de nuevos estudios intentando homogeneizar criterios y establecer mejores protocolos y políticas de detección e intervención frente al UIO

BACKGROUND: Opioids are widely used for the treatment of cancer pain and non-malignant pain. There is a lot of information about opioid misuse (OM) in patients with non-malignant pain, however in cancer patients there is less evidence. OBJECTIVES: To identify, appraise and synthesize existing evidence about epidemiology, risk factors, clinical tools and evolution of OM in patients with cancer pain. METHODS: Integrative systematic review with data extraction and narrative synthesis. PubMed, Web of Science y PsychINFO databases were searched for articles published through 31 December 2017. Study inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) published in English, Spanish or French language; and 2) containing data on the prevalence or incidence of OM in patients with cancer pain; or/and 3) providing information about OM risk factors, mortality, duration and remission. RESULTS: The search yielded 3520 articles, of which 40 met the inclusion criteria. Four themes were identified: 1) epidemiology, 2) risk factors, 3) patient's and professional's opinion, and 4) specific policies. The obtained results were very heterogeneous; the prevalence of OM varied from 0 up to 26 % and the prevalence of opioid-associated aberrant behaviours from 12 to 85 %. Different risk factors for OM were identified, highlighting young age and history of psychiatric disorders or substance abuse, and different tools for risk assessment or diagnosis of OM were described. Regarding professional's opinion, it seems to be more awareness about OM but nevertheless policies regarding this problem are scarce. CONCLUSIONS: Even though there is a greater awareness among professionals about OM in cancer patients, the current information is very heterogeneous and does not allow clear conclusions. For this reason, it will be necessary to carry out new studies trying to standardize criteria and establish better protocols and policies for detection and management of OM

Health-related quality of life in patients with advanced cancer who express a wish to hasten death: A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Some evidence suggests the wish to hasten death is related to poor health-related quality of life. Deficits in perceived dignity and self-efficacy are risk factors for wish to hasten death that also impact health-related quality of life. AIM: To compare perceived health-related quality of life, dignity and self-efficacy in patients with advanced cancer who either do (case group) or do not (control group) express a wish to hasten death. Cases and controls were matched on sociodemographic and functional characteristics. DESIGN: A comparative cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 153 adult patients with advanced cancer were assessed for wish to hasten death using the Desire for Death Rating Scale. Scores ⩾1 indicate some degree of wish to hasten death (case group, n = 51), and score = 0 implies no wish to hasten death (control group, n = 102). Assessments included health-related quality of life using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Core 15-Item Palliative Questionnaire, perceived loss of dignity using the Patient Dignity Inventory and self-efficacy using the General Self-Efficacy Scale. RESULTS: Patients with a wish to hasten death had worse emotional functioning (p < 0.001), greater perceived loss of dignity (p < 0.001) and lower self-efficacy (p = 0.001). There was no difference in most physical symptoms. Perceived overall health-related quality of life was significantly worse for those with a clinically relevant wish to hasten death (p = 0.023) and marginally worse for the case group than the control group (p = 0.052). CONCLUSION: Patients with wish to hasten death showed lower perceived dignity, self-efficacy and emotional quality of life than patients without wish to hasten death without necessarily perceiving worse physical symptoms.

Proactive and systematic multidimensional needs assessment in patients with advanced cancer approaching palliative care: a study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: The benefits of palliative care rely on how healthcare professionals assess patients' needs in the initial encounter/s; crucial to the design of a personalised therapeutic plan. However, there is currently no evidence-based guideline to perform this needs assessment. We aim to design and evaluate a proactive and systematic method for the needs assessment using quality guidelines for developing complex interventions. This will involve patients, their relatives and healthcare professionals in all phases of the study and its communication to offer clinical practice a reliable approach to address the palliative needs of patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: To design and assess the feasibility of an evidence-based, proactive and systematic Multidimensional needs Assessment in Palliative care (MAP) as a semistructured clinical interview guide for initial palliative care encounter/s in patients with advanced cancer. This is a two-phase multisite project conducted over 36 months between May 2019 and May 2022. Phase I includes a systematic review, discussions with stakeholders and Delphi consensus. The evidence gathered from phase I will be the basis for the initial versions of the MAP, then submitted to Delphi consensus to develop a preliminary guide of the MAP for the training of clinicians in the feasibility phase. Phase II is a mixed-methods multicenter feasibility study that will assess the MAP's acceptability, participation, practicality, adaptation and implementation. A nested qualitative study will purposively sample a subset of participants to add preliminary clues about the benefits and barriers of the MAP. The evidence gathered from phase II will build a MAP user guide and educational programme for use in clinical practice. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval for this study has been granted by the university research ethics committee where the study will be carried out (approval reference MED-2018-10). Dissemination will be informed by the results obtained and communication will occur throughout.

Antagonistas periféricos de los receptores opioides Mu en el tratamiento del estreñimiento inducido por opioides: revisión / Peripheral acting Mu opioid receptor antagonists in the treatment of the opioid-induced constipation: review

El estreñimiento inducido por opioides (EIO) constituye un problema clínico emergente que empeora la calidad de vida de los pacientes que requieren el uso de opioides para el manejo del dolor. Diferentes fármacos se han comercializado como antagonistas de los receptores opioides Mu periféricos, conocidos con el nombre de Peripheral Acting Mu Opioid Receptor Antagonists o PAMORA (metilnaltrexona, alvimopam y más recientemente naloxegol), que permiten la antagonización de los efectos periféricos de los opioides sin interferir en su efecto analgésico. Tanto metilnaltrexona como naloxegol han sido aprobados para el tratamiento del EIO, mientras que alvimopan está aprobado para la recuperación gastrointestinal después de resección intestinal con anastomosis primaria. Todos ellos han mostrado su eficacia clínica, pero es debatido el papel que han de tener en la estrategia global del manejo del EIO. Se revisa la información disponible sobre los PAMORA y se propone estrategia de uso clínico

The opioid induced constipation (OIC) is an emerging clinical problems that worsen the patients' quality of life requiring opioids for their pain relief. Many drugs have been launched as Peripheral Acting Mu Opioid Receptor Antagonists o PAMORAs (metylnaltrexone, alvimopam and more recently naloxegol), which antagonize the peripheral effects of opioids without affecting the opioids analgesia. Metylnaltrenone and naloxegol have been licensed for the treatment of CIO, meanwhile alvimopam is approved for the recovery of postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. All PAMORAs have shown clinical efficacy but is a matter of debate wich should be their role in the manangement of the CIO. The available information about PAMORAs is reviewed and informed strategy on the use of these drugs is proposed

El porqué de las cosas y de Medicina Paliativa / The whys and wherefores of things and of Palliative Medicine

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